Large intestine

Anatomy Of Large Intestine

• Caecum : it is the beginning of large intestine

• It is present in the right iliac fossa.

• Into the postero medial wall of caecum, the ileum will open through the ileocaecal orifice which is guarded by a valve.

• 2cms below this, the appendix will open through appendicular orifice which is also guarded by a valve.

• The caecum is continued upward as ascending colon.

• There are four types of caecum.

• Arterial supply : Anterial and posterial caecal arteries.

• Venous drainage : Into superior mesenteric vein.

• Lymphatic Drainage : into the superior mesentric group of lymph of lymph nodes.

• Nerve supply : vagus nerves.

Vermiform Appendix :

• It is the narrowest part of the digestive tube.

• It belongs to the large intestine.

• It is a vestigial organ in human beings.

• It has got a base, body and tip.

• The tip is coiled upon itself there by it looks like a worm, so it is called as vermiform appendix.

• The base opens into the caecum through appendicular orifice which is present 2 cms below the ilio-caecal orifice.

• It is guarded by a valve.

• Depending on the location of the tip there are various positions of appendix.

• Arterial supply : Appendicular artery.

• Venous drainage : superior mesenteric veins.

• Nerve supply : vagus nerves.

• Lymphatic drainage : superior mesenteric group of lymph nodes.

Applied Anatomy :

• Inflammation of appendix is called as appendicitis it is the most common cause of acute abdominal pain. The patient complaints of severe pain in the abdomen, fever and vomiting.

• It has to be treated by an emergency surgery the appendix has to be removed. This procedure is called as appendectomy.

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Small Intestine

Anatomy Of Small Intestine

• It is composed of duodenum jejunum and ileum.

• Duodenum is the initial part of small intestine.

• It is ‘C’ shaped. It is divided into 4 parts.

        - First or superior part, 5cm length.

        - Second or descending part, 75cm length.

        - Third or horizontal part, 10cm length.

        - Fourth or ascending part, 2.5c, length.

• Within the concavity of duodenum, head of the pancreas will be present.

• The bile duct and main pancreatic duct together will open into the second part of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla 2cms above this the accessory pancreatic duct will open at the minor duodenal papilla.

• Arterial Supply : Superior and inferior pancreatic duodenal arteries.

• Venous Drainage : Into the portal vein.

• Lymphatic Drainage : Into the superior mesenteric group of lymph nodes.

• Nerve Supply : Vagus nerves.

Applied Anatomy :

Duodenal Ulcer : An ulcer can also form in the part of duodenum which is called as duodenal ulcer.

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Stomach Anatomy

Anatomy Of Stomach

• It is the most dilated part of the digestive tube occupies the epigastric, Umblical and left hypochondrial regions.

• It is a continuation downwards esophagus.

• Below it is continued as duodenum.

• It is ‘j’ shaped and has 2 ends, cardiac and pyloric, 2 orifices cardiac and pyloric.

         2 borders : Lesser curvature and greater curvature.
         2 surfaces : Anterosuperior and posteroinferiror.
         3 parts : Funds, body and pylorus,
         2 angles : Cardiac and incisures angularis.

• Through the cardiac orifice, it communicates with esophagus, through the pyloric orifice, it communicate with duodenum.

• The fundus is the uppermost part of stomach which is filled with only gas.

• The pylorus is the lower most part of stomach.

• It is divided into two parts : pyloric antrum and pyloric canal.

• Peritoneal attachments of stomach : the lesser curvatures gives attachment to greater omentum which connects the stomach to the colon end of the large intestive.

• The fundus will give attachment to gastroplenic ligament which connects the stomach to the spleen.

• Blood supply : the stomach is supplied by right and left gastric arteries right and left gastro epilploic arteries, short gastric arteries.

• Venous Drainage : Veins correspond to arteries and they all drain into portal vein.

• Nerve Supply : Vagus nerves, lymphatic drainage into the celiac group of lymph nodes.

• With in the wall of the stomach, there are four layers. From inside outwards they are mucosa, sub mucosa, muscular layer and serosa.

• The mucosa of the stomach is thrown into temporary folds called rugae. They will disappear when the stomach is filled with food.

• The muscular layer is composed of smooth muscle fibres which are arranged in 3 layers, inner oblique, middle circular and outer longitudinal.

• The contraction of oblique muscle fibres make the food with in the stomach into a very free consistency.

• The middle circular fibres will close the pyloric opening of the stomach and will not allow the food to leave the stomach till digestion is complete.

• The longitudinal muscle fibers will empty the stomach outer the digestion is complete.

Applied Anatomy :

peptic ulcer : Inflammation of gastric mucosa is called as gastritis. If not treated it can lead to the formation of an ulcer called as peptic ulcer.

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Esophagus

Anatomy Of Esophagus

• It is the continuation downwards of pharynx starts at the level of C6 vertebra in the lower part of the neck.

• It passes downwards through the superior and posterior mediastinum of thorax.

• It pierces the diaphragm at the level of T10 vertebra enters the abdominal cavity where it is continued as stomach.

• The esophagus shows four constrictions 

         --- At the beginning

·                                  Where it is crossed by arch of aorta.

·                                   Where it is crossed by left bronchus.

·                                   While it is passing through the diaphragm.

• Blood supply : esophageal arteries.

• Nerve supply : vagus nerve.

Applied Anatomy :

     Any problem with pharynx or esophagus, the person will have difficulty in swallowing. This condition is known as dysphasia.

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Pharynx anatomy

Pharynx

• It is present in the upper part of the digestive system. It extends from the base of the skull to c6 vertebra.

• Anteriorly it is open and communicates with nasal cavity, oral cavity and larynx.

• The part communicating with nasal cavity is called as nasopharynx communicating with oral cavity is called as oropharynx,  communicating with larynx is called laryngopharynx.

• Pharynx is the common passage for both air and food.

• In the laryngopharynx they get separated.

• Air will enter the larynx and food will enter the oesophagus.

• Within the wall of pharynx, four layers are present from inside outward they are mucosa, sub mucosa, muscular layer and adventitia.

• In the muscular layer, there are e pairs of circular muscles ie superior constrictor, middle constrictor and inferior constrictor. 3 pairs of longitudinal muscles ie stylopharyngeus, palate pharyngeus and salpingo pharyngeous.

• In the lateral walls of naso pharynx there are opening for the auditory tubes, which will communicate the pharynx with the middle layer cavity.

• In the roof of nasopharynx a collection of lumphatic vessels is present known as nasopharyngeal tonsil.

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