Trachea Anatomy

Anatomy Of Trachea

• It starts as a continuation downwards of larynx in the lower part of front of neck at the level of C6 vertebra.

• It passes downwards enters the thorax and at the level of sternal angle it end by dividing into two bronchi.

• The trachea is composed of 15 to 20 ‘C’ shaped cartilaginous rings.

• The posterior part of ring is deficient which is filled by a muscle called as tracheolis.

• These rings are connected to each other by membranes there by forming a tube is trachea.

Microscopic Structure of Trachea :

• The wall of the trachea is composed of 4 layers, inside outwards they are mucosa, sub mucosa, cartilage and adventitia.

• The mucosa is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnor epithelium with goblet cells.

• The cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage.

Applied Anatomy :

Tracheasotomy : In obstructions of the upper part of the respiratory system an opening is made in the trachea and a tube is inserted through which the person will be able to breathe. This procedure is called as tracheaostomy.

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Larynx Anatomy

Anatomy Of Larynx

•  It is an organ of respiration and also phonation ( speech ).

• It is located in the upper part of the front of the neck in the midline.

•  It starts at the level of L3 vertebra and ends at the level of C6 vertebra by being continued as trachea.

• It is a longer in males than in females.

• It is composed of mostly cartilages which are connected to each other by muscles, membranes, ligaments and joint.

• Cartilages of larynx are 9 in number, 
  3 unpaired thyroid cartilage, cricoids cartilage and epiglottis.
  3 paired arystenoid cartilages, uneiform cartilages, corniculate cartilages.

• Thyroid cartilage is largest of all.

• Cricoid cartilage : signet ring shaped.

• Epiglottis : Leaf Like.

• Within the cavity of larynx, there are 2 pairs of folds, upper pair of vestiblar folds and lower pair of vocal folds.

• The movements of vocal folds are responsible for the production of voice

• These folds are dividing the cavity of larynx into 3 parts Supra glottis, glottis and infraglottis.

• Arterial Supply : Superior and inferior laryngeal arteries.

• Nerve Supply : Recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Applied Anatomy :

Aphonia : Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve will cause paralysis of vocal folds there by causing loss of voice. This condition is called as aphonia.

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Urinary System

URINARY SYSTEM

     This system is composed of a pair of kidneys, where urine is formed, a pair of ureters through which the urine formed in the kidneys will pass downwards, an urinay bladder where the urine is stored and an urethra through which the urine is excreted out.

Kidney Anatomy

Nephron Anatomy.

Ureter Anatomy 

Urethra Anatomy

Urinary Bladder Anatomy

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Urethra Anatomy

Anatomy Of Urethra

• It is a tube through which the urine which is stored in urinay bladder is excreted out.

• Urethra is the continuation downwards of neck of the bladder.

• It communicates with urinary bladder through an opening called as internal urethral meatus.

• It opens to the outside through another opening called as external urethra meatus.

• The female urethra is short and  straight. It s length is only 4cm.

• In males the urethra is very long and is divided into 3 parts. Prostatic urethra which is surrounded by prostate gland, membranous urethra and spongy urethra.

• The male urethra is the common passage for both urine and seminal fluid.

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Urinary Bladder Anatomy

Anatomy Of Urinary Bladder

• It stores the urine.

• It is present in the pelivic cavity just behind the pubic symphysis.

•  Distend with urine enlarge upwards and enters the lower part of the abdominal cavity.

• When empty it is tetrahydron in shape. When it is distended it becomes ovoid in in shape.

Parts :

• When empty the bladder has apex, base and neck. The neck is continued downwards as urethra. It has 4 borders. Anterior border, Posterior border and two lateral borders.

• It has 4 surfaces Superior surface, Posterior surface, and 2 intero lateral surfaces.
• In females behind the base of the bladder, uterus is present.

• In males, in contact with the base of the bladder a pair of seminal vesicles and vas deferens are present.

• Within the wall of the urinary bladder, 4 layers are present from inside outward they are mucosa, sub mucosa, muscular layer and serosa.

• The mucosa of the bladder is drawn into temporary folds which will disappear when the bladder is filled with urine.

• These folds will not be present in the inner aspect of the base. This area is Slure in shape which is called as internal trigone.

•  The two supero lateral angles of trigene will have openings of trigene will have openings of ureters.

•  At the inferior angle of the trigone, there is internal urethral meatus which is the communication between the bladder and urethra.

• Arterial Supply : Superior and Inferior vesical arteries.

• Venous Drainage : Vesical flexes of vein.

• Nerve Supply : Sympathetic and parasympathetic.

Applied Anatomy :

Cystitis : Inflammation of urinary bladder is called as cystitis.

Urinary Incontinence : Loss of control on mixturation is called as urinary incontinence.

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