Salivary Glands Anatomy

Salivary Glands

• There are three pairs of salivary glands, a pair of parotid glands, a pair of submandibular glands and a pair of sublingual glands.

• They produces saliva which will moisten the food and helps in chewing and swallowing. 
• It also contains salivary amylase which is digestive in function.

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Parotid Glands Anatomy

Anatomy of Parotid Glands :

• These are the largest of all salivary gland.

• They are present infront below and behind the auricle.

• Each gland is pyramidal in shape with a base which is directed above in close contact with the ear and an apex which is directed below and extends into the neck.

• The gland has 3 borders, Anterior border, Posterior and medial border.

• It has 3 surfaces, superficial, anteromedial and posteromedial surface.

• Within the gland 3 importan structures are present facial nerve, retromandibular vein, External parotid artery.

• The secretions of the glands pass through the parotid duct which opens into the oral cavity opposite to the upper second molar tooth.

• The parotid duct is also called as stensens duct.

• Arterial supply : Superficial temporal and maxillary arteries.

• Nerve supply : Auriculo temporal nerve.

• Lymphatic Drainage : Superficial parotid group of lymph nodes.

Applied Anatomy :

     It a viral infection called as mumps, the parotid gland is inflamed and enlarged. It is a very painful condition. The patient will not be able to open his mouth.

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Pancreas Anatomy

Anatomy Of Pancreas

• It is both an exocrine and endocrine gland.

• The exocrine part will produce pancreatic juice which is released into the duodenum. It helps in digestion.

• The endocrine part produces 2 important hormones insulin and glucagon.

• The gland is located in the umbilical, epigastric and left hypochondrial regions.

• It is retort in shape.

• It starts from the concavity of the duodenum.

• It passess from the obliquely upwards and towards the left behind the stomach and reaches the hilum of the spleen.

• The gland is divided into 4 parts head, neck, body and tail.

• Head is located within the concavity of duodenum.

• Behind the head bile duct is present.

• Neck is a narrow area between head and body.

• Behind the neck, portal vein is formed.

• The tail is in contact with the hilum of the spleen.

• The pancreatic juice which is produced by the exocrine part of pancreas is released into the second part of duodenum through the main pancreatic duct which joins with the bile duct and opens into the second part of the duodenum at major duodenal papilla.

• Sometimes an accessory pancreatic duct is also present which will open separately at the minor duodenal papilla. Which is present 2cms above the major papilla.

• Arterial supply : Superior and Inferior pancreatic duodenal arteries.

• Venous Drainage : Superior mesenteric vein.

• Lymphatic Drainage : celiac group of lymph nodes.

• Nerve supply : Vagus nerves.

Microscopic Structure of Pancreas :

• The gland is covered by a capsule.

• The capsule will send septa into the interior of the gland dividing it into lobules.

• The lobules contain serous acini, which are the exocrine parts of pancreas.They produce pancreatic juice.

• The endocrine component of endocrine part is composed of groups of cell called as islets of langerhands. They are composed of two types of cell, alpha and Beta cells.

• Alpha cells will produce glucagon which will increase the blood glucose levels.

• Beta cells will produce insulin which will reduce the blood glucose levels.

Applied Anatomy :

• Deficiency of insulin levels will increase the blood glucose levels, there by causing a disease called as diabetes mellitus.
• Inflammation of pancreas is called as pancreatitis. The most common cause is alcohol.

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Liver Anatomy

Anatomy of Liver

• It is the largest gland of human body.

• It is triangular in shape.

• It weight is around 1500gms.

• It is located in the right hypochondrium, epigastrium and left hypochondrial regions.

• It has a base which is towards the right side and an apex which is toward the left side and an apex which is toward the left side.

• It has 5 surfaces; anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, and right surface.

• It has one border, inferior border.

• The fundus of the gall bladder will be projecting below the inferior border.

• The anterior surface is smooth and convex.

• The attachment of the falciform ligament on this surface divides it into larger right lobe and a smaller left lobe.

• On the postero superior surface there is a triangular shaped base are of liver which is not covered by peritoneum.

• Inferior surface : it is also called as visceral surface because it is in contact with other abdominal organs. On this surface the right and left lobes are separated by fissure for ligamentum teres and fissure for ligamentum venosum.

• On this surface, the right lobe will have two more small lobes called as quadrate lobe and caudate lobe. To the right of the quadrate lobe there is gall bladder. To the right of caudate lobe, there is inferior venacava.

• Between the caudate and quadrate lobe there is portahepatis through which portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct will pass.

• The right lobe of liver is related to right kidney, related suprarenal gland and right colic flexure and duodenum.

• The left lobe is related to esophagus of stomach.

• Arterial supply : Hepatic artery.

• Venous Drainage : Hepatic veins which will open into inferior venacava.

• Lymphatic Drainage : Coeliac group of lymph nodes.

• Nerve supply : Vagus nerves.

Microscopic Structure of Liver :

• The liver is covered by a capsule called as glisson’s capsule.

• It sends septa into the gland dividing it into hexagonal shaped hepatic lobules.

• In the middle of each hepatic lobule there is a central vein.

• Radiating from the central vein towards the periphery there are sheets of hepatocytes.

• The spaces between the sheets of hepatocytes are occupied by sinusoids.

• The wall of sinusoids are lined by phagocytic cells called as kupffer cells.

• At the junction of 3 adjacent hepatic lobules there is a portal triad which is composed of portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct.

Applied Anatomy :

• Inflammation of liver is called as hepatitis. The most common cause is viral hepatitis which will occur through contaminated food and water it causes 'jaundice'.

• Other causes for hepatitis are drugs, alcohol, parasitic infections.

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Large intestine

Anatomy Of Large Intestine

• Caecum : it is the beginning of large intestine

• It is present in the right iliac fossa.

• Into the postero medial wall of caecum, the ileum will open through the ileocaecal orifice which is guarded by a valve.

• 2cms below this, the appendix will open through appendicular orifice which is also guarded by a valve.

• The caecum is continued upward as ascending colon.

• There are four types of caecum.

• Arterial supply : Anterial and posterial caecal arteries.

• Venous drainage : Into superior mesenteric vein.

• Lymphatic Drainage : into the superior mesentric group of lymph of lymph nodes.

• Nerve supply : vagus nerves.

Vermiform Appendix :

• It is the narrowest part of the digestive tube.

• It belongs to the large intestine.

• It is a vestigial organ in human beings.

• It has got a base, body and tip.

• The tip is coiled upon itself there by it looks like a worm, so it is called as vermiform appendix.

• The base opens into the caecum through appendicular orifice which is present 2 cms below the ilio-caecal orifice.

• It is guarded by a valve.

• Depending on the location of the tip there are various positions of appendix.

• Arterial supply : Appendicular artery.

• Venous drainage : superior mesenteric veins.

• Nerve supply : vagus nerves.

• Lymphatic drainage : superior mesenteric group of lymph nodes.

Applied Anatomy :

• Inflammation of appendix is called as appendicitis it is the most common cause of acute abdominal pain. The patient complaints of severe pain in the abdomen, fever and vomiting.

• It has to be treated by an emergency surgery the appendix has to be removed. This procedure is called as appendectomy.

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