Bronchial Tree Anatomy

Anatomy Of Bronchial Tree 

• The trachea at the level of sternal angle will divide into two primary branchi.

• Right bronchus is shorter, wider and vertical.

• Left bronchus is longer, narrower and oblique.

• Each Primary bronchus will divide into secondary bronchi which will supply each lobe of the lung.

• On the right side there are 3 secondary bronchi and on left side there  are 2 secondary bronchi.

• Each secondary bronchus will divide into teritiory bronchi which will further divide into teritiory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sac, and finally alveoli.

• These are the functional units of lung where exchange of gases will occur.

Read More

Trachea Anatomy

Anatomy Of Trachea

• It starts as a continuation downwards of larynx in the lower part of front of neck at the level of C6 vertebra.

• It passes downwards enters the thorax and at the level of sternal angle it end by dividing into two bronchi.

• The trachea is composed of 15 to 20 ‘C’ shaped cartilaginous rings.

• The posterior part of ring is deficient which is filled by a muscle called as tracheolis.

• These rings are connected to each other by membranes there by forming a tube is trachea.

Microscopic Structure of Trachea :

• The wall of the trachea is composed of 4 layers, inside outwards they are mucosa, sub mucosa, cartilage and adventitia.

• The mucosa is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnor epithelium with goblet cells.

• The cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage.

Applied Anatomy :

Tracheasotomy : In obstructions of the upper part of the respiratory system an opening is made in the trachea and a tube is inserted through which the person will be able to breathe. This procedure is called as tracheaostomy.

Read More

Larynx Anatomy

Anatomy Of Larynx

•  It is an organ of respiration and also phonation ( speech ).

• It is located in the upper part of the front of the neck in the midline.

•  It starts at the level of L3 vertebra and ends at the level of C6 vertebra by being continued as trachea.

• It is a longer in males than in females.

• It is composed of mostly cartilages which are connected to each other by muscles, membranes, ligaments and joint.

• Cartilages of larynx are 9 in number, 
  3 unpaired thyroid cartilage, cricoids cartilage and epiglottis.
  3 paired arystenoid cartilages, uneiform cartilages, corniculate cartilages.

• Thyroid cartilage is largest of all.

• Cricoid cartilage : signet ring shaped.

• Epiglottis : Leaf Like.

• Within the cavity of larynx, there are 2 pairs of folds, upper pair of vestiblar folds and lower pair of vocal folds.

• The movements of vocal folds are responsible for the production of voice

• These folds are dividing the cavity of larynx into 3 parts Supra glottis, glottis and infraglottis.

• Arterial Supply : Superior and inferior laryngeal arteries.

• Nerve Supply : Recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Applied Anatomy :

Aphonia : Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve will cause paralysis of vocal folds there by causing loss of voice. This condition is called as aphonia.

Related posts :

Read More

Urinary System

URINARY SYSTEM

     This system is composed of a pair of kidneys, where urine is formed, a pair of ureters through which the urine formed in the kidneys will pass downwards, an urinay bladder where the urine is stored and an urethra through which the urine is excreted out.

Kidney Anatomy

Nephron Anatomy.

Ureter Anatomy 

Urethra Anatomy

Urinary Bladder Anatomy

Related Posts :

Read More

Urethra Anatomy

Anatomy Of Urethra

• It is a tube through which the urine which is stored in urinay bladder is excreted out.

• Urethra is the continuation downwards of neck of the bladder.

• It communicates with urinary bladder through an opening called as internal urethral meatus.

• It opens to the outside through another opening called as external urethra meatus.

• The female urethra is short and  straight. It s length is only 4cm.

• In males the urethra is very long and is divided into 3 parts. Prostatic urethra which is surrounded by prostate gland, membranous urethra and spongy urethra.

• The male urethra is the common passage for both urine and seminal fluid.

Read More